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The Killers - by Ernest Hemingway

The door of Henry's lunchroom opened and two men came in. They sat
down at the counter.

"What's yours?" George asked them.

"I don't know," one of the men said. "What do you want to eat, Al?"

"I don't know," said Al. "I don't know what I want to eat."

Outside it was getting dark. The streetlight came on outside the
window. The two men at the counter read the menu. From the other end
of the counter Nick Adams watched them. He had been talking to George
when they came in.

"I'll have a roast pork tenderloin with apple sauce and mashed
potatoes," the first man said.

"It isn't ready yet."

"What the hell do you put it on the card for?"

"That's the dinner," George explained. "You can get that at six o'clock."

George looked at the clock on the wall behind the counter.

"It's five o'clock."

"The clock says twenty minutes past five," the second man said.

"It's twenty minutes fast."

"Oh, to hell with the clock," the first man said. "What have you got
to eat?"

"I can give you any kind of sandwiches," George said. "You can have
ham and eggs, bacon and eggs, liver and bacon, or a steak."

"Give me chicken croquettes with green peas and cream sauce and mashed
potatoes."

"That's the dinner."

"Everything we want's the dinner, eh? That's the way you work it."

"I can give you ham and eggs, bacon and eggs, liver-"

"I'll take ham and eggs," the man called Al said. He wore a derby hat
and a black overcoat buttoned across the chest. His face was small and
white and he had tight lips. He wore a silk muffler and gloves.

"Give me bacon and eggs," said the other man. He was about the same
size as Al. Their faces were different, but they were dressed like
twins. Both wore overcoats too tight for them. They sat leaning
forward, their elbows on the counter.

"Got anything to drink?" Al asked.

"Silver beer, bevo, ginger-ale," George said.

"I mean you got anything to drink?"

"Just those I said."

"This is a hot town," said the other. "What do they call it?"

"Summit."

"Ever hear of it?" Al asked his friend.

"No," said the friend.

"What do they do here nights?" Al asked.

"They eat the dinner," his friend said. "They all come here and eat
the big dinner."

"That's right," George said.

"So you think that's right?" Al asked George.

"Sure."

"You're a pretty bright boy, aren't you?"

"Sure," said George.

"Well, you're not," said the other little man. "Is he, Al?"

"He's dumb," said Al. He turned to Nick. "What's your name?"

"Adams."

"Another bright boy," Al said. "Ain't he a bright boy, Max?"

"The town's full of bright boys," Max said.

George put the two platters, one of ham and eggs, the other of bacon
and eggs, on the counter. He set down two side dishes of fried
potatoes and closed the wicket into the kitchen.

"Which is yours?" he asked Al.

"Don't you remember?"

"Ham and eggs."

"Just a bright boy," Max said. He leaned forward and took the ham and
eggs. Both men ate with their gloves on. George watched them eat.

"What are you looking at?" Max looked at George.

"Nothing."

"The hell you were. You were looking at me."

"Maybe the boy meant it for a joke, Max," Al said.

George laughed.

"You don't have to laugh," Max said to him. "You don't have to laugh
at all, see?'

"All right," said George.

"So he thinks it's all right." Max turned to Al. "He thinks it's all
right. That's a good one."

"Oh, he's a thinker," Al said. They went on eating.

"What's the bright boy's name down the counter?" Al asked Max.

"Hey, bright boy," Max said to Nick. "You go around on the other side
of the counter with your boy friend."

"What's the idea?" Nick asked.

"There isn't any idea."

"You better go around, bright boy," Al said. Nick went around behind
the counter.

"What's the idea?" George asked.

"None of your damned business," Al said. "Who's out in the kitchen?"

"The nigger."

"What do you mean the nigger?"

"The nigger that cooks."

"Tell him to come in."

"What's the idea?"

"Tell him to come in."

"Where do you think you are?"

"We know damn well where we are," the man called Max said. "Do we look
silly?"

"You talk silly," A1 said to him. "What the hell do you argue with
this kid for? Listen," he said to George, "tell the nigger to come
out here."

"What are you going to do to him?"

"Nothing. Use your head, bright boy. What would we do to a nigger?"

George opened the slit that Opened back into the kitchen. "Sam," he
called. "Come in here a minute."

The door to the kitchen opened and the nigger came in. "What was it?"
he asked. The two men at the counter took a look at him.

"All right, nigger. You stand right there," Al said.

Sam, the nigger, standing in his apron, looked at the two men sitting
at the counter. "Yes, sir," he said. Al got down from his stool.

"I'm going back to the kitchen with the nigger and bright boy," he
said. "Go on back to the kitchen, nigger. You go with him, bright
boy." The little man walked after Nick and Sam, the cook, back into
the kitchen. The door shut after them. The man called Max sat at the
counter opposite George. He didn't look at George but looked in the
mirror that ran along back of the counter. Henry's had been made over
from a saloon into a lunch counter.

"Well, bright boy," Max said, looking into the mirror, "why don't you
say something?"

"What's it all about?"

"Hey, Al," Max called, "bright boy wants to know what it's all about."

"Why don't you tell him?" Al's voice came from the kitchen.

"What do you think it's all about?"

"I don't know."

"What do you think?"

Max looked into the mirror all the time he was talking.

"I wouldn't say."

"Hey, Al, bright boy says he wouldn't say what he thinks it's all about."

"I can hear you, all right," Al said from the kitchen. He had propped
open the slit that dishes passed through into the kitchen with a
catsup bottle. "Listen, bright boy," he said from the kitchen to
George. "Stand a little further along the bar. You move a little to
the left, Max." He was like a photographer arranging for a group picture.

"Talk to me, bright boy," Max said. "What do you think's going to happen?"

George did not say anything.

"I'll tell you," Max said. "We're going to kill a Swede. Do you know a
big Swede named Ole Anderson?"

"Yes."

"He comes here to eat every night, don't he?"

"Sometimes he comes here."

"He comes here at six o'clock, don't he?"

"If he comes."

"We know all that, bright boy," Max said. "Talk about something else.
Ever go to the movies?"

"Once in a while."

"You ought to go to the movies more. The movies are fine for a bright
boy like you."

"What are you going to kill Ole Anderson for? What did he ever do to you?"

"He never had a chance to do anything to us. He never even seen us."

And he's only going to see us once," Al said from the kitchen:

"What are you going to kill him for, then?" George asked.

"We're killing him for a friend. Just to oblige a friend, bright boy."

"Shut up," said Al from the kitchen. "You talk too goddamn much."

"Well, I got to keep bright boy amused. Don't I, bright boy?"

"You talk too damn much," Al said. "The nigger and my bright boy are
amused by themselves. I got them tied up like a couple of girl friends
in the convent."

"I suppose you were in a convent."

"You never know."

"You were in a kosher convent. That's where you were."

George looked up at the clock.

"If anybody comes in you tell them the cook is off, and if they keep
after it, you tell them you'll go back and cook yourself. Do you get
that, bright boy?"

"All right," George said. "What you going to do with us afterward?"

"That'll depend," Max said. "That's one of those things you never know
at the time."

George looked up at the dock. It was a quarter past six. The door from
the street opened. A streetcar motorman came in.

"Hello, George," he said. "Can I get supper?"

"Sam's gone out," George said. "He'll be back in about half an hour."

"I'd better go up the street," the motorman said. George looked at the
clock. It was twenty minutes, past six.

"That was nice, bright boy," Max said. "You're a regular little
gentleman."

"He knew I'd blow his head off," Al said from the kitchen.

"No," said Max. "It ain't that. Bright boy is nice. He's a nice boy. I
like him."

At six-fifty-five George said: "He's not coming."

Two other people had been in the lunchroom. Once George had gone out
to the kitchen and made a ham-and-egg sandwich "to go" that a man
wanted to take with him. Inside the kitchen he saw Al, his derby hat
tipped back, sitting on a stool beside the wicket with the muzzle of a
sawed-off shotgun resting on the ledge. Nick and the cook were back to
back in the corner, a towel tied in each of their mouths. George had
cooked the sandwich, wrapped it up in oiled paper, put it in a bag,
brought it in, and the man had paid for it and gone out.

"Bright boy can do everything," Max said. "He can cook and everything.
You'd make some girl a nice wife, bright boy."

"Yes?" George said, "Your friend, Ole Anderson, isn't going to come."

"We'll give him ten minutes," Max said.

Max watched the mirror and the clock. The hands of the clock marked
seven o'clock, and then five minutes past seven.

"Come on, Al," said Max. "We better go. He's not coming."

"Better give him five minutes," Al said from the kitchen.

In the five minutes a man came in, and George explained that the cook
was sick.

"Why the hell don't you get another cook?" the man asked. "Aren't you
running a lunch-counter? " He went out.

"Come on, Al," Max said.

"What about the two bright boys and the nigger?"

"They're all right."

"You think so?"

"Sure. We're through with it."

"I don't like it," said Al. "It's sloppy. You talk too much."

"Oh, what the hell," said Max. "We got to keep amused, haven't we?"

"You talk too much, all the same," Al said. He came out from the
kitchen. The cut-off barrels of the shotgun made a slight bulge under
the waist of his too tight-fitting overcoat. He straightened his coat
with his gloved hands.

"So long, bright boy," he said to George. "You got a lot of luck."

"That's the truth," Max said. "You ought to play the races, bright boy."

The two of them went out the door. George watched them, through the
window, pass under the arc-light and across the street. In their tight
overcoats and derby hats they looked like a vaudeville team. George
went back through the swinging door into the kitchen and untied Nick
and the cook.

"I don't want any more of that," said Sam, the cook. "I don't want any
more of that."

Nick stood up. He had never had a towel in his mouth before.

"Say," he said. "What the hell?" He was trying to swagger it off.

"They were going to kill Ole Anderson," George said. "They were going
to shoot him when he came in to eat."

"Ole Anderson?"

"Sure."

The cook felt the corners of his mouth with his thumbs.

"They all gone?" he asked.

"Yeah," said George. "They're gone now."

"I don't like it," said the cook. "I don't like any of it at all"

"Listen," George said to Nick. "You better go see Ole Anderson."

"All right."

"You better not have anything to do with it at all," Sam, the cook,
said. "You better stay way out of it."

"Don't go if you don't want to," George said.

"Mixing up in this ain't going to get you anywhere," the cook said.
"You stay out of it."

"I'll go see him," Nick said to George. "Where does he live?"

The cook turned away.

"Little boys always know what they want to do," he said.

"He lives up at Hirsch's rooming-house, " George said to Nick.

"I'll go up there."

Outside the arc-light shone through the bare branches of a tree. Nick
walked up the street beside the car-tracks and turned at the next
arc-light down a side-street. Three houses up the street was Hirsch's
rooming-house. Nick walked up the two steps and pushed the bell. A
woman came to the door.

"Is Ole Anderson here?"

"Do you want to see him?"

"Yes, if he's in."

Nick followed the woman up a flight of stairs and back to the end of a
corridor. She knocked on the door.

"Who is it?"

"It's somebody to see you, Mr. Anderson," the woman said.

"It's Nick Adams."

"Come in."

Nick opened the door and went into the room. Ole Anderson was lying on
the bed with all his clothes on. He had been a heavyweight
prizefighter and he was too long for the bed. He lay with his head on
two pillows. He did not look at Nick.

"What was it?" he asked.

"I was up at Henry's," Nick said, "and two fellows came in and tied up
me and the cook, and they said they were going to kill you."

It sounded silly when he said it. Ole Anderson said nothing.

"They put us out in the kitchen," Nick went on. "They were going to
shoot you when you came in to supper."

Ole Anderson looked at the wall and did not say anything.

"George thought I better come and tell you about it."

"There isn't anything I can do about it," Ole Anderson said.

"I'll tell you what they were like."

"I don't want to know what they were like," Ole Anderson said. He
looked at the wall. "Thanks for coming to tell me about it."

"That's all right."

Nick looked at the big man lying on the bed.

"Don't you want me to go and see the police?"

"No," Ole Anderson said. "That wouldn't do any good."

"Isn't there something I could do?"

"No. There ain't anything to do."

"Maybe it was just a bluff."

"No. It ain't just a bluff."

Ole Anderson rolled over toward the wall.

"The only thing is," he said, talking toward the wall, "I just can't
make up my mind to go out. I been here all day."

"Couldn't you get out of town?"

"No," Ole Anderson said. "I'm through with all that running around."

He looked at the wall.

"There ain't anything to do now."

"Couldn't you fix it up some way?"

"No. I got in wrong." He talked in the same flat voice. "There ain't
anything to do. After a while I'll make up my mind to go out."

"I better go back and see George," Nick said.

"So long," said Ole Anderson. He did not look toward Nick. "Thanks for
coming around."

Nick went out. As he shut the door he saw Ole Anderson with all his
clothes on, lying on the bed looking at the wall.

"He's been in his room all day," the landlady said downstairs. "I
guess he don't feel well. I said to him: `Mr. Anderson, you ought to
go out and take a walk on a nice fall day like this,' but he didn't
feel like it."

"He doesn't want to go out."

"I'm sorry he don't feel well," the woman said. "He's an awfully nice
man. He was in the ring, you know."

"I know it."

"You'd never know it except from the way his face is," the woman said.

They stood talking just inside the street door. "He's just as gentle."

"Well, good night, Mrs. Hirsch,' Nick said.

"I'm not Mrs. Hirsch," the woman said. "She owns the place. I just
look after it for her. I'm Mrs. Bell."

"Well, good night, Mrs. Bell," Nick said.

"Good night," the woman said.

Nick walked up the dark street to the corner under the arc-light, and
then along the car-tracks to Henry's eating-house. George was inside,
back of the counter.

"Did you see Ole?"

"Yes," said Nick. "He's in his room and he won't go out."

The cook opened the door from the kitchen when he heard Nick's voice.

"I don't even listen to it," he said and shut the door.

"Did you tell him about it?" George asked.

"Sure. I told him but he knows what it's all about."

"What's he going to do?"

"Nothing."

"They'll kill him."

"I guess they will."

"He must have got mixed up in something in Chicago."

"I guess so," said Nick.

"It's a hell of a thing!"

"It's an awful thing," Nick said.

They did not say anything. George reached down for a towel and wiped
the counter.

"I wonder what he did?" Nick said.

"Double-crossed somebody. That's what they kill them for."

"I'm going to get out of this town," Nick said.

"Yes," said George. "That's a good thing to do."

"I can't stand to think about him waiting in the room and knowing he's
going to get it. It's too damned awful."

"Well," said George, "you better not think about it."

--- In penulislepas@ yahoogroups. com, "Arman" wrote:
>
> Lebih baik lagi kalau disertakan contoh/ilustrasinya ....
> Mungkin ada yg berkenan
> Thanks,

Beasiswa

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Cerpen

Kingkong Jatuh Cinta

ide ceritanya menarik, judul lumayan, tapi di depannya aduuuh bertele-tele banget... saya sudah mau teriak aja, mana silvianya?

dari opening tokoh utama harus cepat kelihatan, deskripsi tentang backgroundnya dll, bisa dibangun pelan2 hingga orang udah tahu kalau lelaki itulah yang berperan sebagai silvia. jadi, nggak bisa pembaca dikasih gambaran segitu lama, mungkin 3 lembar tapi masih nggak ngeh siapa nih silvia, apa masalahnya.

Mbak Shena, bisa baca novel saya KINGKONG JATUH CINTA, di sana referent tokoh2 dengan cepat ketahuan apa masalah dan urusannya bahkan sejak awal paragraf halaman pertama. Ayo, semangat. Berapa kali anda menulis, dan mesti lebih bagus ya.... baca banyak buku pelatihan penulisan. Baca juga banyak tips penulisan di www.kinoysan. multiply. com ada juga buku JADI PENULIS FIKSI? GAMPANG, KOK!

AYO SEMANGAT, SAYA GREGETAN DENGAN IDE2 ANDA, TAPI BELUM DIGARAP DENGAN MAKSIMAL. JANGAN TERLALU CEPAT MENYERAH. SABAR, TEKUN, DAN TELITI DALAM MENULIS. JANGAN BURU2 PENGEN CEPET SELESAI.

KINOYSAN

Cerpen

ada huruf A besar dengan tanda itu maksudnya apa ya?

Judul NYANYIAN GELATIK aja sudah cukup.

Bahasanya menarik, tapi masalah yang dibahas terlalu banyak dan bias. Nggak lagi konsentrasi pada karakter utama dan permasalahan gelatik ini. Eksplorasi aja soal yang berkaitan dengan gelatik itu dengan tokoh2 lain, jadi lebih enak dan karena hanya cerpen, jangan terlalu banyak masalah ya...bingung. ..

Kinoysan

Cerpen

Mencintaimu

pemaparan cerita remaja ini nggak natural, kurang meremaja. Tapi alur udah lumayan runtut, karakter jelas, dialognya aja yang biasa banget. Coba pilih dialog-dialog yang nggak biasa, misalnya.

A: 'Aku mencintaimu, B.'
B: jawaban dialog yang umum akan dikatakan, 'Aku juga.'

Dan ini adalah dialog yang dari jadul sampe sekarang masih saja dipake oleh penulis2. Coba cari yang kreatif, misalnya B bilang, 'Aku tahu.'

Simpel aja, tapi bikin penasaran dan orang akan baca tulisan anda. Kata-kata capek deh, sumpe lo, dll. itu udah basi, jangan ikut2an. Bikin trend anda sendiri.

Kinoysan

Cerpen

Punya Cita-Cita, Apakah MIMPI atau NYATA?

by Y.S. Aji Soedarsono
5 Agustus 2008

Malam ini, ada SMS dari seorang klien. Dia menyatakan bahwa dengan membuat Dream Statement, dia merasa bahwa apa ya dia impikan atau cita-citakan tidaklah real, tidak nyata?

Saya jawab,"Kenapa kamu berpikir begitu?"

Dia balas,"Gak usah dipikir juga emang begitu?"

Mengapa sang klien sampai merasa "emang gitu, .. gak real.."?

Menulis

Hemingway's Iceberg Principle in The Killers
by Ying Liu (Jianghan University)

Abstract:

Hemingway is famous for his Iceberg Principle, that is, to present the
story with simple sentences and dialogues and leave a large space for
readers to explore, to reflect. It was just like the iceberg, which
had only one-eighth part on the water and seven-eighths part under the
water.

This essay discusses how the iceberg principle was used in the short
story The Killers. It analyses the characters respectively: the two
killers, George, Nick and Sam. It also penetrates through the nature
of the society. It shows that we can deeply understand Hemingway's
works with the help of the Iceberg Principle.

Key words: Iceberg Principle

The Killers characters

1. Introduction

The famous American novelist Ernest Hemingway was well-known for one
of his particular styles: Iceberg Principle. He once drew an analogy
between his works and the iceberg floating on the sea. Only one-eighth
was on the water and the other part couldn't be seen. Hemingway
thought that his writing was just like the iceberg.

He simply described the scenery, the action, or the dialogue and
didn't give any commentary. That is, he presented the readers
one-eighth of the iceberg and left a large space for them to imagine
what the seven-eighths part left should
be like, including the setting, the background, the characteristics of
characters, the relationships between the
heroes and other characters, even the ending. What he tried to achieve
was "the vivid picture obtained through the
direct communications between the eyes and the reference and that
between the reference and the readers". For
this purpose, he deleted the explanations, the inquiries and the
comments; he eliminated the superfluous words,
and only kept the concise, refined language. He regarded it important
for a writer to give the readers enough space
to imagine by themselves. He believed that a writer knew what he was
writing about, he could omit some details,
and, if the writing was good enough, the readers could figure out what
the writer had omitted in his writing.

2. The Application of Iceberg Principle

In Hemingway's short story The Killers, we can see his Iceberg
Principle being applied. In this story,
conversation is the most important element and the most important
source for the readers'imagination .

2.1 About the killers

Not like the traditional novel, there wasn't any description about the
setting at the beginning. We readers
were directed to a lunch-room and read a short dialogue. We
couldn'tfind any words about the appearance of the
three characters, but we could find something from their talk.
"What's yours?" George asked them.
"I don't know," one of the men said. "What do you want to eat, Al?"
"I don't know," said Al. "I don't know what I want to eat".

Obviously, George was a waiter. And one of the two strangers was
called Al. Both of them came to the
lunch-room not knowing what to eat. It showed that eating was not
their only purpose of coming here. This kept
the readers in suspense: what did they come for?

Afterwards, the writer provided something about their appearance
generally. Al's face "was small and white
and he had tight lips. He wore a silk muffler and gloves". "Tight
lips"usually indicates that a person is determined,
brave, stubborn or cruel. Which type did Al belong to? In America,
"muffler"is the typical costume of cowboys.

What were these cowboys going to do here? "Their faces were different,
but they were dressed like twins". Why
did they have the same clothes? On what condition could people have
the same clothes? Generally, workers,
soldiers or policeman have the same clothes because of their special
occupation. And these two men had the same
clothes because they had special task now. Here, Hemingway didn't give
any commentary on their appearance.

But the objective description was informative enough for the readers
to find out what the writer wanted to say.
When they ate, "Both men ate with their gloves on". Was that their
habit? Why did they have such a habit?

We couldn't find an answer here. But when we read the latter part, we
got that they were killers, so it was their
professional habit to do everything with their gloves on lest they
would be caught because of their fingerprints.

Hemingway didn't give any explanation on the gloves. The readers have
to figure out the complicated factors that
have been concealed behind the simple plots and this makes the reading
more meaningful and enjoyable.

When the two men finished their meal, they didn't leave. They still
had some work to do. Hemingway didn't
point it out directly. A short dialogue indicated something:
"What are you looking at?" Max looked at George.
"Nothing."
"The hell you were. You were looking at me."
"Maybe the boy meant it for a joke, Max." Al said.
George laughed.

It seems that Max was finding fault with George. But why? Because they
wouldn't leave and they tried to
find some reason to stay. For the poor-educated guys, this was the
only method they could think of in order to
achieve their purpose.

Why did they want to kill Ole? No one knew exactly. Even the killers
themselves didn't know why. In their
dialogue, we can see the cruelty of the society. To the killers, Ole
was not a lively man as any of them but just a
Swede. They said, "We're killing him for a friend. Just to oblige a
friend". If a person could commit the most
extreme crime --- killing --- just to oblige a friend, what else
couldn't he do?

Before Ole came, the killers made some preparation. They tied Nick and
the cook in the kitchen. And they
were joking as if they were playing games or doing an ordinary job. Al
said, "The nigger and my bright boy are
amused by themselves. I got them tied up like a couple of girl friends
in the convent". They didn't regard it as a
brutal activity. They even thought it "amused". When telling George
that they would kill Ole, Max said, "I got to
keep bright boy amused". When they left, they declared, "We got to
keep amused, haven't we?" And in fact, they
were amused by the murder.

Not only these two killers, but also all the other criminals were
amused by their wrongdoings. Because in that society, the people the
law protected were not those who observed it, but those who
controlled it and were rich enough to lay down the law. The two
killers'talking gave us a hint to explain Ole's
aloof and indifferent response when Nick told him that he was in
danger --- he had no way out. In that society, the
poor people had no way to escape from the suffering. This was the
brutal nature of the society.

The conversation between Nick and Ole indicated something.
"Don't you want me to go and see the police?"
"No." Ole Andreson said. "That wouldn't do any good."
"Isn't there something I could do?"
"No. There isn't anything to do."

Hemingway didn't make any comment about the society. All he did was to
let the characters express their
despair through simple dialogues. But the readers can penetrate into
the deep nature of the society and to explore
what Hemingway intended to mean behind the dialogues: the
seven-eighths of the iceberg.

2.2 About George

As for another character George, Hemingway also gave us some hints.
George lived in this quarter for a long
time. He saw the crimes and the murders everyday and could face all
the unfair things calmly. When Max found
fault with him, he was not surprised, he "laughed"and said "all
right". But it didn't mean that George hadbecome
indifferent to the world. He could see the situation clearly and knew
exactly what to do. To Hemingway, George
represented a large portion of the ordinary people in the war. They
were against the war but they couldn't stop it
because they didn't have enough military power. They were in sympathy
with the victims in the war and were
willing to help them all the time. When the two killers left, George
told Nick, "You better go see Ole Andreson."

He could guess what had happened to Ole with his knowledge about the
society. He told Nick that Ole had
"Double-crossed somebody. That's what they kill him for. "When Nick
said that he wanted to get out of the city, he
commented: "That's a good thing to do." But being in the city and
being unable to change the actual situation, no
one could escape from their destiny. So he told Nick "you better not
think about it".

2.3 About Nick

Now let's discuss another important character, Nick. Nick was a kind
and unsophisticated boy. He was not so
experienced as George. The two killers surprised him, and what's more,
Ole's indifferent response shocked him.
Nick had never had a towel in his mouth before. When the killers left,
he wanted to show his bravery and tried to
"swagger it off". When he saw that Ole refused to escape, he couldn't
figure out the reason because of his lack of
experience. And he didn't know what he could do to change the
situation. To him, it's "damned awful". He simply
had such feelings and couldn't see too much into the affair. Such
experience could be a beginning point of his
understanding of the world. He had two choices: to "get out of this
town"or to accept all this calmly and "not (to)
think about it". We say that Nick was an important character because
Hemingway put his hopes on this boy. When
George asked Nick to tell Ole what had happened, he went immediately
without any hesitation. Nick might
represent the young generation of the American society. They were
kind-hearted and had a sense of justice. They
hated the cruelty of slaughtering and were against the war. They would
control the world one day in the future
because they were young. Though they couldn't change the situation at
that time, they would definitely take the
responsibility when they had enough ability. Hemingway hoped the
master of the future world would be clear of
their responsibility, just like Nick, and would struggle for the
justice. But he didn't talk about his hope in the novel.
His hope was also in the seven-eighths part of the iceberg, so we have
to figure it out by themselves with the help
of our knowledge of the American society at that time.

2.4 About Sam

There was another character that was not so noticeable as Nick or
George, but who represented a class ---
Sam, the cook. Sam's status had been indicated when he was first
mentioned. He was called "The nigger".
Because of his color, he was regarded inferior. He accepted the
reality and tried to assure himself a rather safe life.
In Hemingway's idea, Sam was a representative of the poor people.
Their life was ruined in the war, but they
didn't want to make any effort to get back what had lost. They just
wanted to survive in the war, and even if they
were pushed into the lowest part of the society, they wouldn't fight
back. That's why Sam tried to avoid taking any
action with Nick or George. He said, "I don't want any more of that",
"I don't like any of it at all". Out of good
intentions, he also advised Nick not to get into the affair. "You
better stay out of it."When Nick and George were
talking about how to go and inform Ole, Sam "turned away". He was just
doing this to protect himself. With Sam,
Hemingway gave us a complete picture of the American society after
World-War I. We cannot blame Sam. He
came from the lowest class. Being a colored man, he had to be
cautious. All he needed was enough food and
safety. He didn't have the equal right as the white people, so he was
used to keep silent and be tame. When Al
ordered him to stand there, he said "Yes, sir."without any inquiry.

3. Conclusion

The Killers is regarded as one of the greatest masterpieces of modern
American short stories. Hemingway
used a large number of simple dialogues to make up a story and to
display different characters, which is the
difference between Hemingway and the traditional writers. Hemingway
set up the typical Iceberg Principle. He
intended to eliminate those gaudy, superfluous words and reserve the
simple and brief sentences. He got such
habit when he was a journalist. In his novel, he tried to convey his
attitude towards life and society through simple
and plain sentences. The readers have to read attentively and to
reflect carefully, then they will explore the
mysterious beauty of the seven-eighths of the iceberg that is deeply
hidden under the water.

**
Ying Liu (1974- ), female, M.A., lecturer of School of Foreign
Languages, Jianghan University; Research fields: literary criticism,
translation; Address: School of Foreign Languages, Jianghan
University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R.China; Postcode: 430056.
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